white dry skin around toenails why

Learn about home remedies that may help treat toenail fungus, Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and draws only from peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. Picking off nail polish and pressing on your nails can cause them to peel. Did you know that the nails on your dominant hand grow faster? A cuticle is a thin layer of dead skin that grows around the edge of your toenails and fingernails. How To Get Rid Of Hard, Calloused Skin Around Your Nails? 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. Heart failure: Could a low sodium diet sometimes do more harm than good? Many people suffer from dry, cracked skin surrounding their nails due to things like cold, dry weather and biting their nails. If a fungal infection causes chronic paronychia, a doctor will prescribe antifungal medication. A toenail fungal infection, or onychomycosis, is one of the most common causes of thick toenails. Use gentle soap if you have dryness-prone hand skin. You may have underlying medical condition. An ingrown toenail can also cause paronychia. Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 1,406,015 times. Leave it on for 15-20 minutes, then rinse if off with warm water. This may be more common in the colder months due to a lack of moisture in the air and exposure to dry indoor heat. Germs get into the skin and cause an infection. It can get dry and crack easily. And that jumps to 20% for those over 60 and a staggering 50% for people 70 and over. Some characteristics of fungal infections of the nails include the following. 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC. Some of the common causes of cuticle dryness include: Although most of the above causes arent cause for concern, see your doctor if you think a condition such as eczema is drying out your cuticles. Simply applygenerous amount of olive oil onto the affected areas every now and then. Before starting, soak your nails in warm, soapy water to soften your cuticles. Reach for other objects instead so you're not zapping what strength your nails have. "All of the steps were easy and simple because, in these, you wouldn't want anything which is not easily-found in. One commonly reported problem is drying and cracking of the skin around the nails. 29 May 2019. Approved. Moisturize your hands each day to prevent them from drying out, and avoid products that dry out your skin (like acetone). The right care can make all the difference in keeping your nails healthy and strong. Look for a rich, moisturizing dishwashing liquid or hand soap and use it to replace your regular soap or detergent. Dilute bleach solutions are especially good for dry skin due to nail fungus. Traditional lotions not doing the trick? In case of itching, try applying calamine lotion to the affected areas of the skin, recommend Dr. Kaur. People often pick up fungal nail infections in moist locations, such as pool decks and locker rooms. This overgrowth is called subungual. They will provide a local anesthetic, then open the nail fold enough to insert gauze to help drain the pus. Discover how to lessen their appearance or get rid of them permanently. Are there health complications from having dry cuticles? Images of rashes caused by common skin conditions, The Content on this Site is presented in a summary fashion, and is intended to be used for educational and entertainment purposes only. Anemia can make your nails brittle or cave inward in the shape of a spoon. Please read carefully! According to Bhupinder Kaur, MD, a dermatologist based in India, dry skin around nails and any other part of the body means that there isnt enough water in the stratum corneum for it to function properly. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. If you want to improve the absorption of your moisturizer, cover it with. Aningrown toenailcan also cause paronychia. People who have weakimmunesystems are also at higher risk of getting paronychia. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Both at-home treatments and medical treatments may help, depending on the diagnosis and severity of the condition. If there is a hole in your skin then the first right thing to do is see your podiatrist asap. Protect your hands with a pair of gloves in very cold weather. Usually it isnt serious and can be treated at home. Eat a balanced diet that is rich in vegetables, fruits, and other nutrient-rich foods. scrubbing the floors and washing dishes, put on a clean pair of cotton-line rubber gloves. Or that your nails grow faster during the summertime? When you do file your nails, pull the file across your nail in one, steady direction. Looking into better ways to curb nervous habits, and. Learn more about how to fix an ingrown fingernail. These germs can be bacteria or a fungus. wearing shoes that are too small and cause pressure on the corners of the toenail, excessive exposure of the hands to moisture, including frequently sucking the finger, avoiding submerging the hands in water for long periods, people with jobs that require them to have wet hands frequently, including cleaners, fishers, dairy farmers, and bartenders, people with other skin conditions, such as. Alcohol and fragrance free moisturizers usually hydrate skin better. This may sound like a weird home remedy but there is extensive anecdotal evidence to support it. If your hands are in water a lot, especially if you're also using harsh soaps or detergents, this constant change can dry your. For example, low calcium levels (hypocalcemia) can cause scaly skin, dry hair, and brittle nails along with muscle cramps. 10 ways to keep your skin healthy all winter long, How to get rid of lumpy fat on your arms, hips, thighs and bottom. Read More Created for people with ongoing healthcare needs but benefits everyone. By using this service, some information may be shared with YouTube. The saturated fat in coconut oil can help soothe and strengthen nail beds. Nail psoriasis sometimes causes too much keratin to grow under the nail. As you get older, your nails may dry out and grow more slowly. However, people with nail symptoms from either condition should not self-diagnose. Another way is to apply a thick moisturizer to the area and cover it with a sock or bandage. Treatments depend on the type of infection. Just like the skin around your nail may feel a little dry after using it to remove polish, your nails can be dry, too. Is the ketogenic diet right for autoimmune conditions? When eczema forms near your cuticles, excess scratching or rubbing can cause this skin to overgrow. In this condition horizontal splits in fingernails cause thin layers of fingernails or toenails to peel back. To use, massage a small amount of coconut oil, using your fingertip or a soft brush, into each nail bed. If a persons job requires their hands to be wet or exposed to germs, they may need to take time off. Although your body also gets water from other fluids you consume, strive to take at least 8 glasses of water each day. People who get regular manicures or whose hands are often wet, however, are equally vulnerable to fungal infections of the fingernails. All rights reserved. Below is a breakdown of how to get rid of dry skin around nails and cuticles: Applying a moisturizing a lotion or cream frequently is hands down the best home remedy for drying of the skin in the nail and cuticle area. Many people suffer from dry, cracked skin surrounding their nails due to things like cold, dry weather and biting their nails. Although less common, systemic issues in your body might cause cuticles to overgrow too. Licensed Cosmetologist. Canadian Dermatology Association: "Brittle Nails. Cardiovascular health: Insomnia linked to greater risk of heart attack. When they dry, they shrink. It can happen when you lose too much blood. What should I do? . But sometimes complications can happen. Top answers from doctors based on your search: Created for people with ongoing healthcare needs but benefits everyone. It is especially good if nail fungus is involved: Olive oil has powerful moisturizing properties and goes a long way in treating dry, cracked, and even peeling skin around the nails at home. You may also see the nail start to separate from the nail bed, and built-up debris under the nail will cause a foul odor to occur. A chalky substance under the nail may appear as a white chalky substance in people who have hyperkeratosis. Acute and chronic paronychia. Debra Sullivan, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., CNE, COI. Soak your fingers in warm water to soften the skin. It begins as a white or yellow-brown spot under the tip of your fingernail or toenail. The simplest way to prevent dry cuticles is to moisturize often. We link primary sources including studies, scientific references, and statistics within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of our articles. Among the most common causes of dry skin around nails are: Pregnancy usually means a happy moment for mothers and would be mothers. While keratin granulations aren't exactly classified as "fungus," they can make your nails more susceptible to developing fungus. My symptoms arent getting better. Nail psoriasis sometimes causes too much keratin to grow under the nail. In the hyponychium and nail bed, the skin cells grow excessively, causing scaling and buildup. Where can i get a foot health practioner to scrape out my hard skin? Very commonly, if you have an elongated 2nd toe, the nail can be thickened due to pressure against the end of the shoe. If you sweat a lot, increase your fluid consumption. It can also be caused by pulling hangnails or sucking on fingers. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission Heres our process. Dry skin and nails are common. Well walk you through how, A purpuric rash is made up of small, discolored spots under your skin from leaking blood vessels. Chronic stress causes your body to release more cortisol, and too much of this stress hormone can affect different parts of your body. Can diet help improve depression symptoms? In extreme cases of deep infection, paronychia can result in the loss of fingers, toes, or limbs. Stop biting and picking at your fingernails. 3. There are times when white spots on nails can be a sign of a more serious condition. This makes it hard for your nails to have what they need to stay healthy. This type of paronychia may eventually cause the nail to separate from the skin. White toenails or spots caused by a fungal infection are frequently the result of a fungal infection. Another home remedy is applying magnesium sulfate paste to the infected area. Eczema is an inflammatory skin condition that might trigger overgrown cuticles. Leggit, J. C. (2017). Both of my second toes always have thick hard skin on the sides and tip of my toenails. "Sometimes it can indicate no infection at all and may be . 12+ Tips for Easy Care & Prevention for Dry, Peeling Cuticle Skin. Some people use the terms cuticle and eponychium interchangeably, but theyre different. Signs of an infection around your nails include not only pain, but also: Cuticles serve a valuable purpose which is to protect your nail from bacteria, dirt, and fungus. If there are loose or dry pieces, trim them away as soon as you notice them. Quick Navigation Fingernails and Toenails Structure Any factor that deprives the skin of its protective natural oils can causes loss of moisture that culminates in noticeably dry skin. I find that when my feet get moist either from getting sweaty in a pair of shoes or when in the shower, bath or pool, the skin on my toes turns white, especially surrounding my toenails. Instead, use a cuticle stick to gently push back cuticle overgrowth. What is the latest research on the form of cancer Jimmy Carter has? Psoriasis is more likely than a fungus to make the nails detach from their beds, leading to nail loss. A nail infection may include not only pain, but also nail redness or discoloration and swelling. People can develop eczema anywhere on their bodies. Home remedies for white toenails. When using cleansers around the house .g. These germs can be bacteria or a fungus. A less common variety of toenail fungus is called white superficial onychomycosis. mdeg This issue has been getting increasingly worse in the past couple of years. Often, the skin is injured because of biting, chewing, or picking at the nails. With the constant friction, it would cause your skin to lose moisture, and once overly dried, it would become vulnerable. Paronychia is more common in adult women and in people who havediabetes. What should i do to remove the hard skin on the ball of my foot? Dr. Mendeszoon recommends seeing a podiatrist once the . Doctors typically provide answers within 24 hours. Because the nail breaks the skin, it frequently causes infections, including paronychia. Can diet help improve depression symptoms? Typically, paronychia begins with pain, swelling and redness around the base or the sides of the nail. Whats the best way to trim back cuticle growth? Often you can take care of ingrown toenails on your own. These conditions include: Psoriasis is a skin condition when skin cells multiply rapidly, causing a buildup of dead skin cells. Treatment for paronychia depends on how severe the infection is. Expert Interview. Eczema refers to a group of conditions that cause skin inflammation. Keeping your hands moisturized is especially important in the dry, winter months. Read more to learn the benefits, and, Learn how to remove hair from your upper lip with natural remedies, many of which you already have in your kitchen. They will obtain a clipping of the nail or take a swab of the infected area and test for the presence of specific bacteria or fungi. You can also soak your hands in olive oil if you like. Paronychia is a bacterial or fungal skin infection that develops around the nail. Can poor sleep impact your weight loss goals? However, they should only do this if symptoms are mild and the infection has not spread beyond the fingernail. They will also consider a persons medical history and look for risk factors, such as diabetes. If doing-it-yourself, you will also want to switch to a nail polish product that is formulated with vitamin E and moisturizers to help keep the nails and skin around them adequately moisturized. Press on flesh on both sides od nail folds with pressure and Podiatrist or dermatologist without seeing it it is difficult to ascertain if tis is a benign or malignant lesion. Soak your nails in water for 5 minutes before you put it on. :)", biting and take better care of my nails. This can lead to painful rips and bleeding tears that have the potential to become infected. The surface becomes soft, dry and powdery. How do you you get rid of the hard skin on the feet caused by moccasin type athletes foot. Simply dilute a small amount of household bleach with equal amount of water and then soak your hands in it for 5 to 10 minutes. You don't want to do it too often, go too hard, or push the skin back too far, but it's not intrinsically bad for your skin. When psoriasis affects your nails, rapid growth of cuticles can occur. How to Treat a Black Toenail from Injury, Fungus, & More, How to Care for a Broken Toenail (Plus When to See a Doctor), Guide to Removing, Cleaning, and Caring for Dead Toenails, Fixing a Split Toenail: Home Care for Strong Nails. Different types of psoriasis produce different symptoms, and these may change or get worse over time. You can use nail scissors to remove any loose skin, but dont use the scissors on your cuticles. Keep your toes looking and feeling good. Fungus. The easiest way to repair the skin around your nails is to soak your hands in warm water and pat them dry. How You Can Treat Weak Fingernails. Trauma, such as when an object is dropped on a toenail, often causes bleeding under the nail because of broken blood vessels. Avoid injuring your nails and fingertips. You can treat your toenails or fingernails at home. For severe symptoms, contact a doctor immediately. Palmoplantar psoriasis affects the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. If the infection does not clear up, be sure to tell your doctor. What could the hard skin lump be on top of my foot? Chronic paronychia - lasts longer and may occur on your fingers or toes. A podiatrist can perform a nail biopsy to determine whether or not a fungal infection is present. To do this, they perform a procedure referred to as the incision and drainage method. Instead, keep them moisturized and use special tools to, Peeling nails can result from trauma to the nail. Chronic paronychia may cause the cuticle to break down. Find out whether the drug may be a good option for you. (2007). Individuals claim that this helps with pain management and can ward off the infection. We may earn a commission when you purchase via links on this page. Skin on toes especially around toenails turns very white from being moist. Stop picking at your skin and biting your nails so your fingers stay in great shape. You might also create a negative association with biting your nails by snapping a rubber band on your wrist every time you catch yourself chewing them. ", Cleveland Clinic: "Are Your Skin and Nails Suffering From Cancer Treatment? Choose a symptom and answer simple questions using our physician-reviewed Symptom Checker to find a possible diagnosis for your health issue. Chronic paronychia has a slower onset, and it can take weeks for treatment to effectively reduce symptoms. Cuticle oil is quick-absorbing and also conditions your nails to help prevent future dryness and cracking. Our team thoroughly researches and evaluates the recommendations we make on our site. Keep reading to learn about what causes overgrown cuticles and how to treat them. As the fungal infection goes deeper, the nail may discolor, thicken and crumble at the edge. For these, please consult a doctor (virtually or in person). If you get manicures, the Mayo Clinic advises against cutting your cuticles. Acetone essentially strips your nails of hydrating proteins, causing keratin granulations to surface. Treatments for paronychia will vary according to the severity and whether it is acute or chronic. However, talk to your doctor before you take any supplements. You should never cut or remove your cuticles. Can poor sleep impact your weight loss goals? There are two types of paronychia: Paronychia can happen to adults and children. When your cuticle grows beyond your proximal fold and covers some of your nail, its considered to be overgrown. Brittle nails can be a side effect of some cancer treatments like chemotherapy. It protects your nails by acting as a barrier for bacteria. I have diabetes. It keeps the nail in place and protects it as it grows. Paronychia is an infection of the layer of skin surrounding the nail (known as the perionychium ). Sometimes eczema can develop near your cuticle and trigger nail changes. To find out how many grams you need a day, multiply your weight in pounds by 0.36. When a bacterial infection causes acute paronychia, a doctor may recommend an antibiotic, such as dicloxacillin or clindamycin. Look for ingredients like vitamins A, C, and E, and natural oils such as almond and sunflower oil. What Causes Peeling Fingertips and How Is It Treated? File them into a slight curve at the ends. Along with the causes of dark, Split nails are often caused by an injury such as a stubbed toe or receiving a severe blow to a finger or thumb. People whose hands may be wet for long periods of time are at higher risk for chronic paronychia. Combine biotin with antioxidant-rich vitamin E, hydrating argan oil, and coconut oil to make a homemade salve for dry cuticles. ", Cracked Skin Around Nails: At-Home Remedies & Solutions, https://www.johnhollanderdpm.com/how-to-clean-and-disinfect-your-nail-tools-at-home/, https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/nails/art-20044954, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dry-skin/expert-answers/cracked-thumb-tip/faq-20450998, https://www.hackensackmeridianhealth.org/en/HealthU/2022/08/19/Nail-Biting-Is-it-That-Bad, https://www.glamour.com/story/best-nail-tips-how-to-grow-out-your-nails, , , Trnaklarnn Etrafndaki Cilt Nasl Onarlr. Look for ingredients like vitamins A, C, and E, and natural oils such . % of people told us that this article helped them. By using our website, you consent to our use of cookies. See our, Dry Skin around Nails: Causes, How to Get Rid Of Dry Skin around Nails, in Pregnancy, Natural Home Remedies for Nail Growth and Hardening, Home Remedies for Sweaty Feet and Odor How to Get Rid of Sweaty Feet Naturally, Applying and Best Gel or Creamy Eyeliners Like elf, Best Felt Tip Eyeliners Pen Use Tip and Review, Wearing Best White Eyeliner: Liquid, Gel or Pencil, Best Dark, Light, Electric and Navy Blue Eyeliners, Best Long Lasting Eyeliner Pencil, Liquid, and Gel. Its important to take care of your nails, as well as your skin around your nails. Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease that causes plaques and lesions on the skin. To learn more, please visit our. This article was co-authored by Kristin Pulaski and by wikiHow staff writer, Janice Tieperman. Avoid using very hot water and instead use lukewarm water to wash your hands (and body). 2004-2023 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK, a Red Ventures Company. About half of all people with psoriasis exhibit symptoms of the condition on their nails. You can find biotin in powdered and liquid form. You can tell if your cuticles are dry if theyre flaking, cracked, or peeling. It can be caused by conditions that range from mild, Learn all about dark circles under your eyes. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. It is possible to have both at the same time. The WebMD recommends setting humidity at a constant 45% to 55%, and the temperature at a balmy 68 degrees Fahrenheit. Humira is used to treat plaque psoriasis in certain adults. Ingrown toenails are a common condition in which the corner or side of a toenail grows into the soft flesh. These include: Home remedies include soaking in warm water and applying lemon and salt. White toenails may be subtly trying to tell you you're not getting enough vitamins and minerals. " Iron deficiency anemia and zinc deficiency can both cause white nails," says dermatologist Shari Lipner, MD, an associate professor of clinical dermatology at Weill Cornell Medicine in New York. Red streaks appear on your skin, running from the infected area toward your body (for example, up your foot from your toes or up your hand orwristfrom your fingers). Everything from aging to poor nutrition can make your nails dry, thin, and easy to break. What works to remove the hard skin on the feet that is caused by athletes foot fungus? Olive and coconut oil are also good choices. 3 years ago I suddenly felt the stench of shoes. The autoimmune activity in psoriasis causes the rapid overgrowth of skin cells. By using our site, you agree to our. Acute paronychia develops quickly and treatment can reduce symptoms rapidly. Also, try to avoid harsh hand sanitizers and nail polish removers, which can dry out your cuticles. Laura Martin. Lotions with alpha-hydroxy acids or lanolin can be helpful for brittle nails caused by dry conditions. Trim and file your nails regularly to avoid and repair snags. ;) ", very well. However, there seems to be no scientific evidence to support the idea that this can cure paronychia. Its commonly made of vegetable oils and it sometimes contains vitamins and citric. Last medically reviewed on December 16, 2021. Vitamins and minerals: their role in nail health and disease. They may become thin, break easily, and grow more slowly than normal. A few specific clues may suggest that psoriasis is the problem and not a fungal infection. sometimes the skin is itchy or hurts. See a doc, it might need to be biop . In addition to primarily white toenails, you might notice whitish grooves and double lines on your. Some symptoms of paronychia resemble those of different skin infections. People with a fungal infection of the toenails may notice color changes between the toes, or other signs that the infection has spread to the skin between the toes. You may need an antifungal medicine or antibiotic, depending on what is causing the infection. This helps prevent splits and tears in nails that "sawing" (pulling the nail file back and forth) creates. Cracked and peeling cuticles may allow bacteria to enter your nails and cause an infection, so youll want to treat them as soon as you notice dryness. "I have a very bad habit of biting my skin. Include your email address to get a message when this question is answered. This article will discuss the causes and treatments of this infection. Paronychia caused bybacteriacan get worse quickly. Soak your hands in warm water for around 5 minutes. Taking good care of the hands and nails is the best way to prevent paronychia. Psoriasis does not typically cause dark spots on the nail. Quickly starting treatment will yield better results and reduce the risk of a severe infection. Apply the paste on the dried area of skin around the nails. Sometimes, though, unmanaged overgrowth can lead to other issues. wikiHow marks an article as reader-approved once it receives enough positive feedback. I have hard skin on ball of my foot under neath it there is a hard lump and its really sore, what could this be? Didn't find the answer you were looking for? Germs get into the skin and cause an infection. White patches on feet turn white with moisture, Dermatologist can't figure out what is wrong my sons big toe nail, The Best IOL for 2022 RXSight Light Adjusted Lens, Will refractive surgery such as LASIK keep me out of glasses all my life, Tanning Themselves to Death: A New Teen Fad. However, there doesnt appear to be scientific evidence to support this claim either. Zinc, vitamin E and calcium are key in the maintenance of healthy nails and hair. Chemicals in the glue make them weak. This issue has been getting increasingly worse in the past couple of years. We avoid using tertiary references. Skin on toes especially around toenails turns very white from being moist. Drying and peeling of the skin around the nails caused by vitamin deficiency can be removed by taking daily multivitamin tablets. Last medically reviewed on January 28, 2021. If you don't have an orange stick or a cuticle pusher, use a cotton swab to push back your cuticles. Biting or chewing the nails is a common cause. Some treatment options include: 1. For better, longer lasting results, repeat this procedure every night. Removing them can increase your risk for infection. ", American Academy of Dermatology: "Artificial Nails: Dermatologists' Tips For Reducing Nail Damage," "Tips for Healthy Nails. Burts Bees 100 Percent Natural Lemon Butter Cuticle Cream, Yes to Coconut Hydrate and Restore Protecting Hand and Cuticle Cream. If you dont want to spend a lot of money, coconut oil is an at-home treatment option. Your eponychium refers to living tissue attached to your nail plate. People can treat paronychia at home by minimizing germ exposure and frequently washing the infected area. If left unmanaged, cuticles can continue to overgrow, putting you at risk of other issues. Or a combination situation? Never cut the skin that surrounds and protects your nail, which is your upper cuticle. Ask at your local drugstore. Mineral and nutritional deficiency can lead to white spots on toenails. Expert Interview. If they're actually dead, how do they grow? In a variation of this condition, symptoms of white superficial onychomycosis include a white, granular, powdery, and flaky pattern on toenails that may affect the entire nail. Its located on the bottom of your finger or toenails, along the nail bed. For tips on how to prevent dry cuticles, read the article! Most of our daily activities involve using the hands. The cuticle area is delicate. What causes a toenail to fall off, and what do you do when this happens? The most common cause of thick white stuff under toenails is a fungal infection. Leave the pair of socks on overnight for faster healing action. Moisture allows certain germs, such as candida (a type of fungus) and bacteria to grow. Ingrown toenails may result from: improper nail cutting. The nail turns white rather than yellow or brown. This article includes recipes and, Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. Be patient and follow your doctors recommendations. Bacteria or fungi can cause the infection, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria. How Viagra became a new 'tool' for young men, Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction, Debra Sullivan, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., CNE, COI, https://www.psoriasis.org/about-psoriasis, https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/contagious-skin-diseases/nail-fungus, http://www.papaa.org/further-information/nail-psoriasis, https://www.askdrshah.com/blog/nail-psoriasis-vs-fungus/, https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/scaly-skin/psoriasis#symptoms, http://www.nailsmag.com/article/91276/psoriasis-of-the-nails. If you struggle with a nail-biting habit, start by painting your nails a bright color so they're more noticeable. White. It typically causes a range of symptoms such as itching and dry, scaly skin. Loose, extra skin will be white in color compared to the actually attached skin on your fingers. Paronychia occurs when the skin around the nail becomes damaged, allowing germs to enter. This can complicate the process of getting an accurate diagnosis. Wear gloves when working with water or harsh chemicals. However, because of the time it takes . You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. Educational text answers on HealthTap are not intended for individual diagnosis, treatment or prescription.

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