The Oroko (also Bareka/Batekka) are an ethnic group in Cameroon.They belong to the coastal Bantu group, widely known as Sawa, and primarily occupy the Ndian and Meme divisions of the Southwest Region of Cameroon.The people predominantly speak Oroko, English, and Cameroon Pidgin English.The Oroko are related to several ethnic groups (or tribes) in Cameroon's coastal areas, with whom they share . The story of The River Between by Ngugi wa Thiong'o, takes place in _________________ (name of present-day country) in the mid 1800's. I am a young researcher who have a great love for forest conservation, community . . [57] The diary of Antera Duke, an Efik, is the only surviving record from an African slave-trading house. Osirica brotherhood is the root of all the mason societies, dating back around 2300 B.C. The area from which the Sunjata Epic comes was historically: the geographical location of the great medieval African kingdoms - Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. Goldie describes Eburutu as a country that consists of various ethnic groups. Here are 8 prominent cults and secret societies in Africa. One of the most important castes in this society is the jeli caste. Posted on March 01, 2015 Aye provides the following names among these priest-kings including Ema Atai Iboku, Ekpe Atai Iboku, Ukpong Atai Iboku. Individual symbols may also have multiple meanings, rendering context important and interpretation inevitable in the "reading" of the body of represented signs. During the colonial era, The Efik language was the only language taught in schools in many parts of the present-day Cross River and Akwa Ibom state. Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as It was found in operation among a tribe down the coast towards Camaroons, but was improved and extended in its new field of operations.[60]. The Neegee is a cannibalistic group that feeds on human flesh to satisfy their God, and to gain power from that God. They use a variety of masks to execute social control. Due to the number of unfortunate incidents at Ikpa Ene and Ndodoghi, the Efik sought to leave these islands. In the culture we have discussed, the term jamu refers to: each person's family name, which connects the person to a famous character in the story of Sunjata. [53] Aphrom was a corruption of Ephraim which was an anglicised form of the Efik name Efiom. The Leopard Society was allegedly a cannibalistic society in the early-to-mid 2oth century in Sierra Leone, Libera and Cte dIvoire. This village was originally named Ta Set Maat. There are different narratives on the arrival of the Efik at Creek Town. NSUWorks - Nova Southeastern University Institutional Repository [34], On leaving the Uruan country, the Efik migrated to Ikpa Ene which is nicknamed Akani Obio Efik(English: Old Efik island). All Ekpe members are hereby reminded that under Ekpe custom, we do not leave the lifeless body of our warriors in the battle field, and we certainly do not leave the remains of an Ekpe chief unguarded. This theory asserts that the Efik migrated from Palestine or somewhere close to Palestine. LEFT Ekpe cage during Ikot Ekpe ritual in 2009. Among these missionaries were Rev. The Ogboni fraternity is said to have a strong affiliation to royalty, gerontological system of governance and the law enforcement of the community. As Sidney Kasfir has pointed to (in reference to the Ekpe society in southeastern Nigeria and adjoining Cameroon), material, performative, and ritual structures in masking are not fused together but can be used to different ends and can travel different paths ( Kasfir 2019: 15). The group is gaining grounds as it seems to incessantly predict the total destruction of the planet earth. The Ekpe society is the most renowned traditional institution in Efik history. [78] Raffia palm clothing (Efik: f Ndam) could also be exported from other communities especially when a community made the best raffia clothing. The presentation, by Ekpe members from Cameroon, Nigeria and Cuba was arranged by Chief Dr. Ivor Miller and coordinated by Sessekous Ojong-Orock, Joseph Mbu and Mbe Tazi. Determine the meaning of the italicized word in each sentence by examining the context. According to him . One theory states that the Efik and Uruan had separate religious customs and the Efik refused to worship the Uruan deity Atakpor Uruan Inyang. It was technically part of Nigeria, according to history, which was the reason we had the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC). [65] Although the missionaries and rulers of Creek town and Duke town protested, their protests fell on deaf ears. Opinions expressed belong solely to the author and do not represent the views of other Members, Management, or the Community at large. [76] Uffp (native gin) is distilled from palm wine and is sometimes mixed with the bark of Edat to increase the alcoholic content. [62][63] The first missionaries arrived in 1846. It is uncertain when Obutong was founded but most Efik scholars hypothesize that it was founded in the 16th century. One account narrates that the Mbiabo group left first to their present location while the Iboku, Enwang and other clans were still at Ndodoghi. Ekpe masquerade [1], Its members are only men and are played on special occasion. Resume: La communaure cubaine Abakua-descendantedes communautes :EB:k Ekpe et Ejagham ~gbedu Sud Est du Nigeria etdu Sud Ouest du Cameroun-a ete fondee ala Havane dans les annees 1830 par des leaders captures des villages de Cross River. The kp ("leopard") society represents an ancient African institution that provided the supreme functions of governance in the communal societies of the forest regions of the Cross-River basin and the hilly terrain to the east, in what is called today southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon. I bought a $140,000 mobile home in a million-dollar LA neighborhood and love it. [33] When the husband of the Uruan woman learnt of the issue, he wanted to fight the Efik. Membership in the Ekpe (Egbo), or Leopard, society, for example, available to wealthy men who can meet the expense involved, confers high social status and political authority; these men participate in ceremonies concerned with ancestral spirits and are believed to protect the community through magic and religious ritual. The economics of the society is based on paying tribute to the village ancestors. And it's a symbol in both. [64] It took several years before the town was rebuilt.[64]. My party of 4 spent $400 at Space 220 in Disney World. Alcoholic content may be increased via adding the red bark of Edat (Sacoglottis gabonensis) to the wine. The group believes that when they eat human flesh, they gain the ability to transform into a crocodile. [77] Women wore a number of brass rings on their legs and arms. Another account from the Qua claimed that Ekpe (Mgbe) migrated from Cameroon. Meat and fish are the major sources of protein in Efik cuisines. [76], Prior to the introduction of European-styled clothing, the Efik wore loin clothes made of Raffia (Efik: Ndam). The term "Calabar people" was particularly popular prior to the nineteenth century and was synonymous to the Efik.[6]. The paper critically examined the Ekpe society in its indigenous form and nature prior the advent of Christianity, Western education and Western influence. [38] It is believed that it was at Ndodoghi that many of the Abayen clan had died from crocodile attacks. [32] Another theory states that there was a disagreement between an Efik woman known as Abasi and an Uruan woman. Right now, Ekpe . Hope all is well. But most importantly, it should be mentioned that if its members did not support the ostensible reality of ekpe, as a thing to be feared and appeased, then the Many families sent their children to European captains to teach them English and the processes involved in the international trade. Copyright Dr. Ivor L. Miller. It has a variety of different characters and is indigenous to areas of Southeastern Nigeria and . [53] Some of the kings have been identified in the past by Etubom Ukorebi Ukorebi Asuquo in Aye's Efik people. At Old Calabar, traders had slowly started transitioning completely into the lucrative palm oil trade. Today, it is no longer the same Ekpe society of decades ago. The first letter of the word is correctly written as "" and denotes plurality. Iboku, Enwang, Usukakpa and Abayen. Historians recognize the advent and rapid rise of Ekpe as a direct result of a need for a new and effective mechanism of sociopolitical control in the complex economic environment created by the Atlantic slave trade. I hope some Man-of-War come sometime with proper captain all same you look out and help we keep word when French Man-of-War come. Originally, the Efik obtained slaves by going to war with other communities or creating confusion in other communities. The cult members are usually violent and self-destructive to the point of committing suicide. Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations "Hakuna Matata" (No More Worries) - Integrating Indigenous Systems of Conflict Resolution into the Formal System of Government Administration in Cameroon: Case Study of the Ekpe Society of Manyu Division Stephen O. Agbor, Nova Southeastern University Follow Date of Award 2017 It is uncertain the specific year that the Efik arrived Creek Town. The Efik acted as the middlemen between the European vessels and the inland slave traders. Adire Adire means 'tie and dye' in Yoruba. The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, and western Cameroon. [58] Antera Duke also known as Ntiero Edem Efiom was an Efik trader whose diary reveals several daily activities in Old Calabar between 1785 and 1788. Hood Quarterly, spring 2015 This exhibition examines the ukara cloth of the Ekpe secret society, a multi-ethnic all-male association in southeastern Nigeria and western Cameroon, exploring both the longstanding cultural practice the cloth represents and the artistic process involved in its creation. An entire topic will be dedicated to discussing the Ekpe society and its legacy in the near future. Updates? Eye of the Needle - Ken Follett 2015-07-07 The worldwide phenomenon from the bestselling author of The Pillars of the Earth, World These secret societies were used to uphold the legal decisions of the Council of Elders or of the community as a whole, they also ensured conformity in certain rituals and in social behaviour and undertook certain public works for the community (n.d.). [68] The society is believed to have been introduced in Calabar from Usahadet. (b) Analyze Cause and Effect: What events prevent their success? Ekpe is a mysterious spirit who is supposed to live in the jungle and to preside at the ceremonies of the society. [40] The group is a mutual aid society known for elaborate street dances and very high. In such cases, the Ekpe Society is seen as the . [66] After the Efik had settled at Ikpa Ene, a party of men from Uruan arrived at Ikpa Ene. Nsibidi is a body of ideographic, abstract, and gestural signs deployed by the Ekpe society as a form of coded communication. [17] Some oral accounts by early Efik men also support the Igbo origin of the Efik. [61] Due to the fall in global demand for slaves and several other factors, the kings and chiefs of Old Calabar wrote to the British requesting that they send teachers and missionaries to Old Calabar to establish industries and introduce the religion of the white man to them. Due to the Obutong massacre of 1765 and several other incidents, the Ekpe society of Old Calabar was transformed into the Abaku cult in Cuba, the Bonk cult in Bioko and the Abakuya dance in mainland Equatorial Guinea. Ekpe could take life and could give it; it could condemn a whole town to a heavy fine and was promptly paid; it could punish offenders and could forgive; even kings and Obongs could never escape Ekpe laws and edicts.[69]. Among the Southern Igbo, the Ekpe society, introduced from the Cross River area, uses contrasting masks to represent the maiden spirit and the elephant spirit, the latter representing ugliness and aggression and the former representing beauty and peacefulness. As the slave trade was declining due to the strong global campaign against it, the effects on slave trading ports along the African coast was greatly experienced. [37] When the Efik realised what was going on, they rose to their feet and fought back. Due to the volume of cultural exchange, many other ethnic groups have often been regarded as being one with the Efik such as Kiong and Efut. The Ekpe society most likely originated among the Efik people of southern Nigeria and from there spread across other tribes and language groups in Southern Nigeria. Jeffreys states that a disruption among the Okobo around the town of Ekeya in the Eket district led to the founding of Obutong. African literature has been disregarded as serious literature in the past because: Original African systems of recording information in symbols include the ______ script, of the Ekpe society of the Ejagham of Cameroon and Nigeria. The earliest list of Efik traders is provided in Jean Barbot's manuscript which was later printed in 1732. of Old Calabar by the Ekpe secret society, which was controlled by the towns merchant houses. [19] Oku attests that it was the attack on the Efik that made them decide to leave Ikpa Ene as they realised they were still too close to their enemies. For the surname, see, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Art and Life in Africa: Eket Information" University of Iowa, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ekpe&oldid=1101939539, This page was last edited on 2 August 2022, at 15:27. [42] K.K. We are about loving, encouraging, embracing, teaching, and building with black people. [26] At Uruan, they were ruled by a number of priest-kings Ndidem. But, Ekpe in the course of the colonial period underwent a wide range of fundamental changes in their structure, roles, status . What role does religion play in society today? [49] The Enwang are believed to have ruled Atakpa for a number of years. Wake Keeping, Viewing and service in Dallas, Texas. The Ekpe is a men's society found in Abiriba, Aro-chukwu, Ohafia and many other Bende communities in Igbo land, it is a variation of the important Egbo Ejagham ( Ekoi) in the Upper Cross-River as well as the Efik Ekpe Society of Calabar. The tentative program is as follows: January 27th and 28th, 2012. Jeffreys also stated, "There is reason to believe that a considerable portion of a small Ibibio clan called Ebrutu or Eburutu was the earliest stock of the Efik; for, when the missionaries settled in 1846 at Old Calabar amongst these people for the first time, it was found that they called themselves not Efik but Ebrutu or Ebrutu Efik. [79] Ikpaya a royal type of gown also made from raffia. Corrections? On behalf of Ekpe-USA Leadership, I hereby remind every member of Ngbe who has taken the aoth that our fathers and great grand fathers took to uphold those sacred traditions and beliefs, to immediately start preparations to do what they must do to send our brother to join our ancestors. . The primary society is located in the Cross River, Akwa Ibom and Arochukwu areas of Nigeria, and the secondary society consists of members from the Southern and Eastern Igbo groups of the same country. The group has managed to stay mostly hidden for over more than 100 years. According to Asuquo, Asibong Eso of Obutong was Old King Robin; Ekpenyong Efa of Adiabo was King John; Ani Eniang Nkot of Mbiabo Ikoneto was Robin King Agbisherea; Oku Ukpong Eton Ani of Mbiabo Ikot Offiong was William King Agbisherea; while Ukorebi Neneng Esien Ndem Ndem of Obomitiat Ikoneto was King Ebrero[55]. They believed feasting on a human strengthened their bonds. For instance any member wronged in an Ekpe district, that is one dominated by the society, has only to address an Ekpe-man or beat the Ekpe drum in the Ekpe-house, or blow Ekpe as it is called, i.e., sound the Ekpe horn, before the hut of the wrong-doer, and the whole machinery of the society is put in force to see justice done. They are well respected agents of wealth distribution in the community..
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