Festinger, L. (1957). If behavior is assumed to be caused by internal personality characteristics, this is known as___________. Their job is to give the next group of participants a delightful introduction of the tasks they have previously performed. Which situation would be last likely to result in a decrease of prejudice? The stove is too large to be moved out of his way, so he has to learn not to touch it -even when Martha isn't looking. In this study, Festinger and Carlsmith found that If you change your attitudes, then presumably your behavior will change. in order to reduce dissonance. Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. A similar rating of the over-all content of what the S said. How do we explain this? When one person meets another person for the first time, ________ occurs. Or is there something more nuanced at play? Two Ss (both in the One Dollar condition) told the girl that they had been hired, that the experiment was really boring but they were supposed to say it was fun. Instead the opposite happened. The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring Prejudice, s Stereotypes are defined as particular beliefs or assumptions about a human being based on their association with a group (Spielman, 2014, p.225). Before the subjects left the experiment, the experimenter commented that his research assistant would be unavailable to help the following day. Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. ", 3. Researchers have found that a________ degree of fear in a message makes it more effective particularly when it it combined with __________. This point will be discussed further in connection with the results. To which he readily agrees. What happens when students are asked to defend positions contrary to their beliefs? The reason for doing it, theoretically, was to make it easier for anyone who wanted to persuade himself that the tasks had been, indeed, enjoyable. And lastly, participants were asked whether they would want to participate again in the future in a study the same as this, using the scale -5 to +5. (1984, August) Psychology Today, pp.40-45. Solomon Asch, a social psychologist conducted a series of experiments called Asch conformity to study how the behavior of a certain group influence the behav Normative conformity is most commonly referred to as peer pressure, and is prevalent in our present society. His refusal to grant them loans is an example of________. The driver was making a situational attribution; the officer was making a dispositional attribution. This project has received funding from the, You are free to copy, share and adapt any text in the article, as long as you give, Select from one of the other courses available, https://explorable.com/cognitive-dissonance, Creative Commons-License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. Leon Festinger's 1957 cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we act to reduce the disharmony, or dissonance, of our conflicting feelings. [1] The experiment reported here was done as part of a program of research supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation to the senior author. This difference in Sandy's playing is most likely the result of_______. Our identity is in part created by identifying ourselves with the organization or the community for which the sacrifices have been made. Two studies reported by Janis and King (1954; 1956) clearly showed that, at least under some conditions, the private opinion changes so as to bring it into closer correspondence with the overt behavior the person was forced to perform. For example, one way would be for the S to magnify for himself the value of the reward he obtained. Christopher D. Green by meredith_davis9, After you finish, the experimenter (Carlsmith) explains that the study concerns how expectations affect performance. The part of a person's self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation, culture, or ethnic group or with gender or other roles in society is called. First published in Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. Seventy-one male students in the introductory psychology course at Stanford University were used in the experiment. Yet no one calls the police. Then, identify the underlined modifier by writing P for positive degree, C for comparative degree, or S for superlative degree. We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. In the study, undergraduate students of Introductory Psychology at Stanford University were asked to take part of a series of experiments. The greater the reward offered (beyond what was necessary to elicit the behavior) the smaller was the effect. Psychol., 1954, 49, 211-218. 5. In the other two conditions, however, the Ss told someone that these tasks were interesting and enjoyab1e. //document.getElementById('adblockmessage').style.display = 'block'; The public service messages that encourage parents to sit down with their children and talk frankly about drugs are promoting which method of attitude formation? 4. He also gives each taster a coupon worth $1 off his or her grocery bill. Furthermore, since the pressure to reduce dissonance will be a function of the magnitude of the dissonance, the observed opinion change should be greatest when the pressure used to elicit the overt behavior is just sufficient to do it. Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. His boss, Marco, assumes that traffic was bad this morning. The behavioral component of prejudice is______. Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) conducted one of the first studies examining cognitive dissonance. << Fritz Heider developed _______ to explain why people choose the particular explanations of behavior that they do. Ben Franklin gave some peculiar advice that makes sense in the context of cognitive dissonance theory. Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause. /Root 48 0 R The dissonance could, consequently, be reduced by magnifying the importance of this cognition. The concept of aggression as a basic human instinct driving people to destructive acts was part of early_____theory. In the famous Festinger experiment, participants were paid either $1 or $20 to lie to a woman in the waiting room about how interesting the task really was. He then left saying he would return in a couple of minutes. The difference .between the One Dollar and Control conditions is not impressive at all (t = 1.21). Hence, one would expect the results on this question to be very similar to the results on "how enjoyable the tasks were" but weaker. The formation of in-groups and out-groups, The effect that people's awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior is, Strategies for overcoming prejudice include. "Look, Officer, I didn't see the stop sign back there because the sun was in my eyes" The police officer responds, "You were not paying attention." Three Ss (one in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) refused to take the money and refused to be hired. Based on experiments by Festinger and Carlsmith, the idea that people are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors. Take it with you wherever you go. It implies that if you want to change attitudes, all you have to do is change behavior, and the attitudes will follow along. 47 14 Imagine you are a participant in a famous experiment staged by the creative Festinger and his student J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959). Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. /ImageB hbbd``b` H? /Info 46 0 R They had not enjoyed the experiment, but now they were asked to lie and say they had enjoyed it. Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. The area of the brain that is most involved in aggression is the ______. 0000000015 00000 n Generally speaking, the social comparison theory explains how individuals evaluate their opinion and desires by comparing themselves to others. The remaining subjects were asked to take the place of an experimenter, if they would want to. (Goleman, 1991) 52 0 obj You must turn off your ad blocker to use Psych Web; however, we are taking pains to keep advertising minimal and unobtrusive (one ad at the top of each page) so interference to your reading should be minimal. Don't see what you need? Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. Half of them were offered $1 to do it, and half of them were offered $20. In Festinger and Carlsmith's experiment, 11 of the 71 responses were considered invalid for a couple of reasons. If you want to dislike someone, do them wrong. There are, after all, other ways in which the experimentally created dissonance could be reduced. Lately she has noticed that she seems to play better when there are people watching her than which she is playing alone. What happens to a person's private opinion if he is forced to do or say something contrary to that opinion? Subjects who received $20 had no problem explaining their behavior to themselves. The present experiment was designed to test this derivation under controlled, laboratory conditions. e_@{:o>A~66O;_w0diF] S X'vk@*g%^?TIg.hi:l'z$-~ >,D tZ)+;=bz-{;(j;C+RC?2jyy.B{WqJx~CaV&+*N4h\2%5$rT `L#%rl2`8tl Ec_\kf"~BY The present experiment was listed as a two-hour experiment dealing with "Measures of Performance.". You should not put up with abuse, because people who treat you poorly will adopt negative beliefs about you, in order to be consistent with their behavior toward you. Cognitive dissonance is when we experience conflicting thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes. The E then removed the tray and spools and placed in front of the S a board containing 48 square pegs. /Contents 58 0 R Rating scale -5 to +5, Did the experiment give the subject an opportunity to learn about their own abilities? 0000001035 00000 n When a one-hour session had been completed the students were asked to tell the next participant that the experiment was extremely interesting and enjoyable. Their attitudes changed to fit their behavior, reducing the uncomfortable feeling of dissonance. Cognitive dissonance is one form of social comparison. The amount of money paid the subject was varied. There is perhaps no surer way of infecting ourselves with virulent hatred toward a person than by doing him a grave injustice. correct. /T 679093 Dr. Nekita Fuller The One Dollar condition is higher than the other two. Therefore the person's attitude changes. There is another possible way, however. As a rule, cognitive dissonance theory predicts that attitudes and behaviors will remain in synchrony. Research on conformity suggests that if a _____ response is required, ______ show more conformity than ______. Instead the opposite happened. Let us then see what can be said about the total magnitude of dissonance in a person created by the knowledge that he said "not X" and really believes "X." 0000000609 00000 n Sign in|Recent Site Activity|Report Abuse|Print Page|Powered By Google Sites. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. OF A POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION. The new edition of Cognitive Dissonance: Re-examining a Pivotal Theory in Psychology contains 12 chapters and three appendices. Recently Festinger (1957) proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance from which come a number of derivations about opinion change following forced compliance. %%EOF That is uncomfortable, unless you have a good explanation for your behavior (such as being paid a lot of money). A woman argues that it is morally wrong to kill animals for food becomes upset when she is asked to explain why she is wearing a leather belt and leather shoes. This is an example of_______ cause. Is it simply the actions of an explicitly racist contingent? Through the lens of cognitive dissonance theory, however, the explanation was a bit different. Let us review these briefly: 1. Cite details from the essay that support your response. <>stream What is the term for the process of developing an opinion about another person? To reduce the feeling of discomfort about lying, they persuaded themselves they actually enjoyed the experiment. Among the paid participants, 5 had suspicions about getting paid for the designated task. Shawn and Tanya start talking after they've ridden on the dorm elevator several times together. According to the social psychologist, the social comparison theory is the idea that there is a drive within individuals to search for outside images in order to evaluate their own opinions and abilities. For Jerry, going to the dog races a lot represents the___________component of an attitude. Karen is engaging in, The sadistic behavior of the "guards" in Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study, highlighted the influence that a social role can have on ordinary people, Jim jumped into the ocean to save a drowning man, risking his own life in the process. June 22, 2015 The ratings were of course done in ignorance of which condition each S was in. How could they explain their own behavior to themselves? Only recently has there been any experimental work related to this question. In the study, undergraduate students of Introductory Psychology at Stanford University were asked to take part of a series of experiments. To start with, she asks her boyfriend to cook dinner for her. << This is the, People are less likely to be susceptible to the foot-in-the-door technique, how far people would go in obeying the command of an authority figure, Social loafing can be explained by the fact that, it is easier for a lazy person to hide laziness when working in a group of people. 4. /Prev 679084 But other factors would enter also. The question was included because, as far as we could see, it had nothing to do with the dissonance that was experimentally created and could not be used for dissonance reduction. Invulnerability, where members of a group feel they can do no wrong, is a characteristic of, Gene keeps Roger's cat while Roger is out of town. 60 0 obj Oct. 2011. He found, rather, that a large reward produced less subsequent opinion change than did a smaller reward. This has many practical implications. The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). This automatic assumption about the student's personality is an example of, The process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of other people is called. On the other hand, people paid only $1 were more likely to say, when asked later, that the experiment was "not bad" or that it was "interesting.". /O 49 Franklin said if you want someone to like you, get that person to do you a favor. They were told that a sample of students would be interviewed after having served as Ss. Alex was most likely engaging in________. 4. The defendant was not very well spoken and came from a very poor background, but Sandy listened carefully to the evidence presented and made her decision based on that. One way in which the dissonance can be reduced is for the person to change his private opinion so as to bring it into correspondence with what he has said.
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